City Of Manila.Background of a Smart Designed City Essay

The City of Manila has a population of 1.7 million people and is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the world with notorious traffic congestions. The city of Adelaide is on the other hand one of the most liveable cities in the world, with a population of 1.2 million and practically no traffic jams at all. This paper compares these two cities in order to establish what manila can learn from Adelaide. The City of Manila is a relatively small city with a population of about 1.7 million people and an area of around 40 square kilometres. The city can thus be categorized amongst the overpopulated cities of the world (Townsend, 2013). Consequently, Manila has a very high level of pollution and other challenges including traffic and poor drainage system that makes the sanitation very problematic. Background of a Smart Designed City Adelaide is a south Australian city with a population that is close to that of Manila at 1.3 million people. Initially, this city suffered from high levels of pollution owing to its large population and the energy sources being used across the city. First, the transport means today are highly effective reducing the traffic jams by 100% and the city is now considered as a ‘twenty minute city’ owing to the ability to move from one place to another easily (Fajardo, 2011). The reduced traffic jams translate to reduced gas emissions, as do the number of trees planted around schools, churches, parks, reserves, coastlines and transport corridors. These trees have managed to reduce the carbon emissions getting into the atmosphere thus making the city even cleaner. The city is planned very effectively in such a way that the transport systems are effective and diverse comprising of a South Eastern Freeway, Southern Express Way, the Port River Expressway and the Northern Expressway . This arrangement allows for effective transport across the metropolitan area thus making the city accessible without unnecessary congestions. The roads are also mostly very wide with multiple lanes to accommodate the growing number of vehicles in the city. The city has also cut down its use of fossil fuels in favour of renewable energy with a great inclination on solar energy. They have undertaken numerous campaigns to encourage the citizens to install solar panels on their rooftops, with over 200 schools having to depend on this clean energy for their power needs. As such, the city is slowly turning to solar energy to sustain its energy needs (Henderson, 2002). From its initial planning in the days of the first settlers, the city was designed to have two green rings around the city square thus implementing the green city initiative right from its birth. As a result, they have over 3 million trees within the city and a few parks and squares with a lot of trees as well. The green belt here is so extensive that it is rumoured that one can actually feel the fresh air in the city especially if they are from another part of the country or the world. These trees play a big role in keeping the city free of pollution as they mitigate from the effects of the unavoidable carbon emissions. Suggestions for Future Development and Lose Cost Estimates In order to reach up to Adelaide’s standards, the city of Milan has to undergo a number of transformations within its layout. First, the city’s roads must be reconstructed to accommodate the traffic and reduce the traffic jams. This may cost as much as $100 billion seeing as there is a need for a complete overhaul in the city’s transport system. For efficiency, subways may also be found necessary especially seeing as Manila is in a developing country and thus the urban population is likely to keep growing. The green technology in terms of shifting to solar power as a main source of energy must also be considered seeing as the country currently depends on fossil fuels for their energy. This shift should cost the government about $20 million in equipment and education programs about how to use them as well as their maintenance (Townsend, 2013). In doing this, the city will have cut down on pollution seeing as the dependence on fossil fuels is by far the most hazardous human tendency. As for planting trees and creating a green city, it should be noted that the best trees in Manila can be sourced locally and should thus be relatively cheap. The challenge however would be the sensitization of the masses in order to gain their support and cooperation for maintenance of the trees. It can thus be estimated that the local government will need about $5 million for this project and with the cooperation of the citizens and the private sector the city should qualify for a smart city categorization within approximately 30 years from the implementation date (Townsend, 2013). For this to happen however, the city’s administration will have to obtain the support and cooperation of the general public and the private sector. References Fajardo, B.K. (2011). Filipino crosscurrents. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN. Henderson, V. (2002). Urbanization in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(1), 89-112. Townsend, M.A. (2013). Smart cities: big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. Source document

The Life and Literature of F Scott Fitzgerald

ABOUT THE AUTHOR The Life and Literature of F. Scott Fitzgerald By Jillian Thompson May 16, 2012. English newspaper, The Guardian, once asked Jonathan Franzen, the Pulitzer Prize nominated author of The Corrections, to contribute what he believed were the greatest rules to abide by for aspiring fiction writers. His response was â€Å"Fiction that isn't an author's personal adventure into the frightening or the unknown isn't worth writing for anything but money† (Franzen). The novels of Francis Scott Fitzgerald suggest that he would agree wholeheartedly with Franzen.In his Notebooks, Fitzgerald wrote, â€Å"There never was a good biography of a good novelist. There couldn’t be. He’s too many people if he’s any good† (Fitzgerald 61). Fictionalizing emotions and backgrounds are an unparalleled resource to writers, and some of the greatest stories in literature have grown from the personal lives of novelists. Dickens’ David Copperfield, Hemingway ’s A Farewell To Arms, and Kerouac’s On the Road are famed illustrations of autofiction techniques, featuring a protagonist that has been modeled after the author, and a central plotline that mirrors the events of their lives.A close examination of the known facts of Scott Fitzgerald’s life is enough to establish that there is a profound relationship between his personal dispositions and the subject matter of his novels. It is also fair to conclude that he was deeply concerned with class, wealth, and their effect on the corruption of â€Å"The American Dream. † The novels and short stories of Scott Fitzgerald are documents that illustrate the hazy and glamorous Jazz Age, and had Fitzgerald’s own life been any less hazy and glamorous, some of America’s greatest literature may not have come to pass. THE LIFE OF SCOTT FITZGERALDFrancis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born September 24th, 1896 in St Paul, Minnesota, the only son to middle class parents , Edward and Mary Fitzgerald. His parents instilled him with a fear of failure, and an obsession with wealth that would haunt his life’s ambitions. At an early age, he proved himself an imaginative and talented writer, and despite some academic struggles, he was accepted to Princeton in 1913. Intent on following his family’s advice, Fitzgerald dedicated himself to the pursuit of social and intellectual attainments, the path he believed would lead him to fame and fortune.He joined any extracurricular activity that he believed would increase his social standing on campus, but the beginning of WWI put an end to any possible fruition of his efforts. He left Princeton for the army in 1917, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan in Montgomery, Alabama, where he began work on a novella called The Romantic Egotist. It was also there that he met the woman who would change the course of his life forever. Her name was Zelda Sayre, the â€Å"golden girl†, and in her, Fitzgerald met his match in both ambition and extravagance.They had a whirlwind romance, but in the summer of 1919, Zelda grew tired of waiting for his success, and ended their relationship. Devastated by her rejection, he moved back to St. Paul, more determined than ever to become rich enough to win Zelda back. He rewrote The Romantic Egotist and in a letter to his publisher wrote, â€Å"I have so many things dependent on its success—including of course a girl† (Bryer and Barks 149). In 1920 This Side of Paradise was published. The novel was an overnight sensation with postwar youth, and two weeks later Fitzgerald and Zelda were married.They became the icons of success and youth, the first â€Å"it† couple if there ever was one, but the tumultuous beginning of their relationship never quite faded away. He and Zelda lived far outside their means, and Fitzgerald continually sunk into debt. Zelda’s impulsiveness, once interpreted as charming, had become erratic, and emotionally draining for Fitzgerald and his writing suffered. While living in Europe, Zelda overdosed on sleeping pills, and flung herself down a flight of stairs in a jealous fit. Fitzgerald had Zelda institutionalized, and she was diagnosed with schizophrenia.Fitzgerald’s dream of his muse had become a nightmare, and he worked through his emotions the way he always had, through writing, and Tender is the Night was the result. Fitzgerald died of a heart attack in 1940, while writing his final novel, The Last Tycoon. Zelda died not long after, locked in a room awaiting treatment as the sanitarium set fire. They are buried together, with a shared headstone that quotes the final words of Fitzgerald’s masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. â€Å"So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past† (172). FITZGERALD AND THE JAZZ AGEPerhaps the most vivid and poetic character of any Fitzgerald novel is â€Å"The Jazz Age† itself. The histori cal backdrop of the glamorous world of Flappers and speakeasies that’s envisioned when one thinks of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, make the perfect canvas for Fitzgerald to place his characters, who share Fitzgerald’s own conflicted feelings on Jazz Age morals. The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise both center on the theme of love warped by status seeking. They can be read as harsh criticisms of 1920s America, and its disintegration during an era defined by material excess.With the end of WWI the American economy soared and brought about an era, from 1920-1931, which was marked by unprecedented national wealth and prosperity. The rise of the stock market and the shock of the war left America with a generation that compensated for the chaos by creating a society centered on materialism. People began to spend and consume like never before. The conservatism and modest values of Victorian society that marked the previous generation were too suffocating for the y outh who grew up fast during the â€Å"Great Crusade. A person from any background now had the opportunity to earn a fortune, especially if they were helping to supply the demand for bootleg liquor, such as Jay Gatsby was. But this giddiness was short lived, and after the stock market crash, those that had enjoyed the rapid succession from penniless to millionaire as a bootlegger, quickly lost everything as the economy crumbled. Even before the stock market crash, Fitzgerald portrayed the decay of the Jazz Age as the self-consuming society of excess that couldn’t possibly be sustained through its greed and cynicism. Fitzgerald always idolized the luxurious lifestyle of the rich.As the Fitzgerald’s fame rose in the early 1920s, he found himself slowly being seduced by the opulence of his newfound life. But despite the excitement of his new life, Fitzgerald struggled with the mixed feelings of hypocrisy associated with falling in love with a girl who was everything heâ €™d ever dreamed of, but who led him toward the materialism he had once despised. Fitzgerald developed his characters as representations of these inner conflicts. Arthur Mizener, Fitzgerald’s most noted biographer, wrote that Fitzgerald’s work so perfectly defined the Jazz Age because Fitzgerald nfused both sides of himself into what Mizener called â€Å"the middle-western Trimalchio and the spoiled priest† (297). The symbol of the green light on Daisy Buchanan’s dock in The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald’s hope for the future, but also the awareness that it may never be realized. Writing The Great Gatsby allowed Fitzgerald to confront his feelings on the superficiality of his world and its inhabitants. Even the title The Great Gatsby is a reflection on the Jazz Age as a masterful illusion. THE AUTHOR AND THE HERO The heart of any study on Scott Fitzgerald is of course his work.However, Fitzgerald wrote only about himself and the people and places with which he was familiar, therefore his life and his work are inextricably bound together. â€Å"There were four or five Zeldas and at least eight Scotts,† as James Thurber once put it in his book Credos and Curios, â€Å"so that their living room was forever tense with the presence of a dozen desperate personalities, even when they were alone in it. Some of these Fitzgeralds’ were characters out of a play or a novel, which made the lives of the multiple pair always theatrical, sometimes unreal, and often badly overacted† (63).In fact, reading This Side of Paradise is like reading a biography of Fitzgerald. A young man from the Midwest serves in the army, falls in love with a rich socialite, and they break up, leading him to search for success by any means available. Jay Gatsby and Amory Blaine, the young dandy protagonists of The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise, pursue and glorify wealth to win the affections of the woman they love, much like F itzgerald himself did to win Zelda Sayre.Gatsby and Blaine are perpetually romantic adolescents whose lives are based on the mistaken idea that enough money and fame can keep the love and beauty of the past crystallized forever. The romanticism of Gatsby and Blaine, which at first rises above the frivolity Fitzgerald associated with Jazz Age society, eventually disintegrates to unveil the corruption wealth causes. The Great Gatsby’s narrator, Nick Carraway, is a young man from the Midwest with an Ivy League education, exactly like Fitzgerald.Nick’s background makes him an ideal narrator because he is able to see past Gatsby’s superficialities to the man underneath. Fitzgerald uses Nick to express his opinion that an ideal based on a materialistic foundation is a self-defeating and ultimately destructive goal. Then lastly, there’s the girl. The object of all-consuming affection. Fitzgerald’s muse for his female protagonist was of course his wife, Ze lda. In fact, she was more than just a muse. After sharing her personal diaries with Fitzgerald, he used verbatim quotes to write the character of Rosalind Connage in This Side of Paradise.He wrote, â€Å"all criticism of Rosalind ends in her beauty† (Bryer and Barks 201) and told Zelda â€Å"the heroine does resemble you in more ways than four† (230). Like Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby, Zelda never took to motherhood and was never particularly domestic. According to Fitzgerald’s Notebooks, the famous line from The Great Gatsby, â€Å"I hope she'll be a fool–that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool† (Fitzgerald 22), is based on what Zelda said after her daughter, Scottie, was born. The most accurate portrayal of Zelda is most likely in Tender is the Night, Fitzgerald’s last completed novel.This is a story of a man of almost limitless potential who makes the fatal decision to marry a beautiful but mental ly ill woman, and who ultimately sinks into despair and alcoholism when their doomed marriage fails. He wrote it about their time in Europe, and the Lost Generation community of writers, a term coined by Fitzgerald’s close friend Ernest Hemmingway to describe those who came of age during World War 1, including Gertrude Stein, T. S Eliot and Waldo Peirce. In the novel, he chronicled the decline of Zelda’s mental health, and his discovery that she would never return to the way she was.The Zelda in this novel not was the glorified beauty of This Side of Paradise or The Great Gatsby, and she a wrote a semi-autobiographical account of her own as a form of revenge against Fitzgerald after their marriage dissolved. After she was committed, Fitzgerald wrote in his Notebook, â€Å"In an odd way, perhaps incredible to you, she was always my child (it was not reciprocal as it often is in marriages) †¦ I was her great reality, often the only liaison agent who could make the world tangible to her† (478). â€Å"SO WE BEAT ON†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald, 172)The beginning of The Great Gatsby is prefaced by a poem written by a fictional character from This Side of Paradise. It reads, Then wear the gold hat, if that will move her; If you can bounce high, bounce for her too, Till she cry ‘Lover, gold-hatted, high-bouncing lover, I must have you! (6) If the words of Jonathan Franzen are true, then it can be assumed that Fitzgerald’s greatest adventure into the unknown was his relationship with Zelda. Their relationship became the basis of his life’s work, which made him one of the greatest storytellers American literature has known to date.

The Relationship Between Life Expectancy at Birth and Gdp Per Capita

The relationship between Life Expectancy at birth and GDP per capita (PPP) Candidate: Teacher: Candidate number: Date of submission: Word Count: 2907 Section 1: Introduction In a given country, Life Expectancy at birth is the expected number of years of life from birth. Gross domestic product per capita is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in one year, divided by the size of the population of that country. The main objective of the present project is to establish the existence of a statistical relation between Life Expectancy (y) at birth and GDP per capita (x).First, we will present in Section 2 the data, from an official governmental source, containing Life Expectancy at birth and GDP per capita of 48 countries in the year 2003. We will put this data in a table ordered alphabetically and at the end of the section we will perform some basic statistical analysis of these data. These statistics will include the mean, median, modal cl ass and standard deviation, for both Life Expectancy and GDP per capita. In Section 3 we will find the regression line which best fits our data and the corresponding correlation coefficient r.It is natural to ask if there is a non-linear model, which better describes the statistical relation between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy. This question will be studied in Section 4, where we will see if a logarithmic relation of type y=A ln(x+C) + B, is a better model. In Section 5 we will perform a chi square test to get evidence of the existence of a statistical relation between the variables x and y. In the last section of the project, other than summarizing the obtained results, we will present several possible directions to further investigation. Section 2: Data collectionThe following table shows the GDP per capita (PPP) (in US Dollars), denoted xi, and the mean Life Expectancy at birth (in years), denote yi, in 48 countries in the year 2003. The data has been collected through an online website (2). According to this website it represents official world records. Country| GDP – per capita (xi)| Life Expectancy at birth (yi)| 1. Argentina| 11200| 75. 48| 2. Australia| 29000| 80. 13| 3. Austria| 30000| 78,17| 4. Bahamas, The| 16700| 65,71| 5. Bangladesh| 1900| 61,33| 6. Belgium| 29100| 78,29| 7. Brazil| 7600| 71,13| 8. Bulgaria| 7600| 71,08| 9. Burundi| 600| 43,02| 10. Canada| 29800| 79,83| 1. Central African Republic| 1100| 41,71| 12. Chile| 9900| 76,35| 13. China| 5000| 72,22| 14. Colombia| 6300| 71,14| 15. Congo, Republic of the| 700| 50,02| 16. Costa Rica| 9100| 76,43| 17. Croatia| 10600| 74,37| 18. Cuba| 2900| 76,08| 19. Czech Republic| 15700| 75,18| 20. Denmark| 31100| 77,01| 21. Dominican Republic| 6000| 67,96| 22. Ecuador| 3300| 71,89| 23. Egypt| 4000| 70,41| 24. El Salvador| 4800| 70,62| 25. Estonia| 12300| 70,31| 26. Finland| 27400| 77,92| 27. France| 27600| 79,28| 28. Georgia| 2500| 64,76| 29. Germany| 27600| 78,42| 30. Ghana| 2200| 56,53| 31. Greece| 20000| 78,89| 32. Guatemala| 4100| 65,23| 33.Guinea| 2100| 49,54| 34. Haiti| 1600| 51,61| 35. Hong Kong| 28800| 79,93| 36. Hungary| 13900| 72,17| 37. India| 2900| 63,62| 38. Indonesia| 3200| 68,94| 39. Iraq| 1500| 67,81| 40. Israel| 19800| 79,02| 41. Italy| 26700| 79,04| 42. Jamaica| 3900| 75,85| 43. Japan| 28200| 80,93| 44. Jordan| 4300| 77,88| 45. South Africa| 10700| 46,56| 46. Turkey| 6700| 71,08| 47. United Kingdom| 27700| 78,16| 48. United States| 37800| 77,14| Table1: GDP per capita and Life Expectancy at birth in 48 countries in 2003 (source: reference [2]) Statistical analysis: First we compute some basic statistics of the data collected in the above table.Basic statistics for the GDP per capita: Mean: x=i=148xi48 = 12900 In order to compute the median, we need to order the GDP values: 600, 700, 1100, 1500, 1600, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2500, 2900, 2900, 3200, 3300, 3900, 4000, 4100, 4300, 4800, 5000, 6000, 6300, 6700, 7600, 7600, 9100, 9900, 10600, 10700, 11200, 12300, 13900, 15700, 16700, 19800, 20000, 26700, 27400, 27600, 27600, 27700, 28200, 28800, 29000, 29100, 29800, 30000, 31100, 37800. The median is obtained as the middle value of the two central values (the 25th and the 26th): Median= 7600+91002 = 8350 In order to compute the modal class, we need to split the data in classes.If we consider classes of USD 1000 (0-999, 1000-1999, †¦) we have the following table of frequencies: Class| Frequency| 0-999| 2| 1000-1999| 4| 2000-2999| 5| 3000-3999| 3| 4000-4999| 4| 5000-5999| 1| 6000-6999| 3| 7000-7999| 2| 8000-8999| 0| 9000-10000| 2| 10000-10999| 2| 11000-11999| 1| 12000-12999| 1| 13000-13999| 1| 14000-14999| 0| 15000-15999| 1| 16000-16999| 1| 17000-17999| 0| 18000-18999| 0| 19000-19999| 1| 20000-20999| 1| 21000-21999| 0| 22000-22999| 0| 23000-23999| 0| 24000-24999| 0| 25000-25999| 0| 26000-26999| 1| 27000-27999| 4| 28000-28999| 2| 29000-29999| 3| 30000-30999| 1| 31000-31999| 1| 32000-32999| 0| 3000-33999| 0| 34000-34999| 0| 35000-35999| 0| 36000-36999| 0| 37000-38000| 1| Table 2: Frequencies of GDP per capita with classes of USD 1000 With this choice of classes, the modal class is 2000-2999 (with a frequency of 5). If instead we consider classes of USD 5000 (0-4999, 5000-9999, †¦) the modal class is the first: 0-4999 (with a frequency of 18). Class| Frequency| 0-4999| 18| 5000-9999| 8| 10000-14999| 5| 15000-19999| 3| 20000-24999| 1| 25000-29999| 10| 30000-34999| 2| 35000-40000| 1| Table 3: Frequencies of GDP per capita with classes of USD 5000 Standard deviation: Sx=i=148(xi-x)248 =11100Basic statistics for the Life Expectancy: Mean: y=i=148yi48 = 70,13 As before, in order to compute the median, we need to order the Life Expectancies: 41. 71, 43. 02, 46. 56, 49. 54, 50. 02, 51. 61, 56. 53, 61. 33, 63. 62, 64. 76, 65. 23, 65. 71, 67. 81, 67. 96, 68. 94, 70. 31, 70. 41, 70. 62, 71. 08, 71. 08, 71. 13, 71. 14, 71. 89, 72. 17, 72. 22, 74. 37, 75. 18, 75. 48, 75. 85, 76. 08, 76. 35, 76. 43, 77. 01, 77. 14, 77. 88, 77. 92, 78. 16, 78. 17, 78. 29, 78. 42, 78. 89, 79. 02, 79. 04, 79. 28, 79. 83, 79. 93, 80. 13, 80. 93. The median is obtained as the middle value of the two central values:Median= 72,17+72,222 = 72. 195 To find the modal class of Life Expectancy we consider modal classes of one year. The table of frequencies is the following Class| Frequency | 41| 1| 42| 0| 43| 1| 44| 0| 45| 0| 46| 1| 47| 0| 48| 0| 49| 1| 50| 1| 51| 1| 52| 0| 53| 0| 54| 0| 55| 0| 56| 1| 57| 0| 58| 0| 59| 0| 60| 0| 61| 1| 62| 0| 63| 1| 64| 1| 65| 2| 66| 0| 67| 2| 68| 1| 69| 0| 70| 3| 71| 5| 72| 2| 73| 0| 74| 1| 75| 3| 76| 3| 77| 4| 78| 5| 79| 5| 80| 2| Table 4: Frequencies of Life Expectancy at birth with classes of 1 year It appears from the table above that there are three modal classes: 71, 78 and 79 (with a frequency of 5).Standard deviation: Sy=i=148(yi-y)248 =10. 31 The standard deviations Sx and Sy have been found using the following table of data: Country| GDP| Life exp. | (x – x? ) | (x – x? )2| (y – ? y)| (y – y? )2| (x – x ? )(y – y ? )| Argentina| 11200| 75. 48| -1665| 2770838| 5. 35| 28. 64| -8907. 60| Australia| 29000| 80. 13| 16135| 260351671| 10. 00| 100. 03| 161374. 34| Austria| 30000| 78. 17| 17135| 293622504| 8. 04| 64. 66| 137790. 17| Bahamas. The| 16700| 65. 71| 3835| 14710421| -4. 42| 19. 53| -16947. 75| Bangladesh| 1900| 61. 33| -10965| 120222088| -8. 80| 77. 42| 96474. 63| Belgium| 29100| 78. 29| 16235| 263588754| 8. 16| 66. 1| 132501. 29| Brazil| 7600| 71. 13| -5265| 27715838| 1. 00| 1. 00| -5271. 16| Bulgaria| 7600| 71. 08| -5265| 27715838| 0. 95| 0. 90| -5007. 93| Burundi| 600| 43. 02| -12265| 150420004| -27. 11| 734. 88| 332477. 52| Canada| 29800| 79. 83| 16935| 286808338| 9. 70| 94. 11| 164294. 71| Central African Republic| 1100| 41. 71| -11765| 138405421| -28. 42| 807. 63| 334334. 75| Chile| 9900| 76. 35| -2965| 8788754| 6. 22| 38. 70| -18443. 41| China| 5000| 72. 22| -7865| 61851671| 2. 09| 4. 37| -16446. 81| Colombia| 6300| 71. 14| -6565| 43093754| 1. 01| 1. 02| -6638. 43| Congo. Republic of the| 700| 50. 02| -12165| 147977088| -20. 1| 404. 36| 244614. 57| Costa Rica| 9100| 76. 43| -3765| 14172088| 6. 30| 39. 71| -23721. 58| Croatia| 10600| 74. 37| -2265| 5128338| 4. 24| 17. 99| -9604. 66| Cuba| 2900| 76. 08| -9965| 99292921| 5. 95| 35. 42| -59301. 73| Czech Republic| 15700| 75. 18| 2835| 8039588| 5. 05| 25. 52| 14322. 40| Denmark| 31100| 77. 01| 18235| 332530421| 6. 88| 47. 35| 125482. 46| Dominican Republic| 6000| 67. 96| -6865| 47122504| -2. 17| 4. 70| 14887. 57| Ecuador| 3300| 71. 89| -9565| 91481254| 1. 76| 3. 10| -16845. 62| Egypt| 4000| 70. 41| -8865| 78580838| 0. 28| 0. 08| -2493. 16| El Salvador| 4800| 70. 62| -8065| 65037504| 0. 9| 0. 24| -3961. 73| Estonia| 12300| 70. 31| -565| 318754| 0. 18| 0. 03| -102. 33| Finland| 27400| 77. 92| 14535| 211278338| 7. 79| 60. 70| 113249. 07| France| 27600| 79. 28| 14735| 217132504| 9. 15| 83. 75| 134847. 48| Georgia| 2500| 64. 76| -10365| 107424588| -5. 3 7| 28. 82| 55644. 86| Germany| 27600| 78. 42| 14735| 217132504| 8. 29| 68. 74| 122175. 02| Ghana| 2200| 56. 53| -10665| 113733338| -13. 60| 184. 93| 145025. 00| Greece| 20000| 78. 89| 7135| 50914171| 8. 76| 76. 76| 62515. 17| Guatemala| 4100| 65. 23| -8765| 76817921| -4. 90| 24. 00| 42935. 50| Guinea| 2100| 49. 54| -10765| 115876254| -20. 59| 423. 0| 221629. 32| Haiti| 1600| 51. 61| -11265| 126890838| -18. 52| 342. 94| 208606. 00| Hong Kong| 28800| 79. 93| 15935| 253937504| 9. 80| 96. 06| 156187. 00| Hungary| 13900| 72. 17| 1035| 1072088| 2. 04| 4. 17| 2113. 54| India| 2900| 63. 62| -9965| 99292921| -6. 51| 42. 36| 64856. 98| Indonesia| 3200| 68. 94| -9665| 93404171| -1. 19| 1. 41| 11488. 77| Iraq| 1500| 67. 81| -11365| 129153754| -2. 32| 5. 38| 26351. 63| Israel| 19800| 79. 02| 6935| 48100004| 8. 89| 79. 05| 61664. 52| Italy| 26700| 79. 04| 13835| 191418754| 8. 91| 79. 41| 123290. 86| Jamaica| 3900| 75. 85| -8965| 80363754| 5. 72| 32. 73| -51288. 2| Japan| 28200| 80. 93| 15335| 235 175004| 10. 80| 116. 67| 165641. 67| Jordan| 4300| 77. 88| -8565| 73352088| 7. 75| 60. 08| -66386. 23| South Africa| 10700| 46. 56| -2165| 4685421| -23. 57| 555. 49| 51016. 52| Turkey| 6700| 71. 08| -6165| 38002088| 0. 95| 0. 90| -5864. 06| United Kingdom| 27700| 78. 16| 14835| 220089588| 8. 03| 64. 50| 119146. 94| United States| 37800| 77. 14| 24935| 621775004| 7. 01| 49. 16| 174828. 44| Table 5: Statistical analysis of the data collected in Table 1 From the last column we can compute the covariance parameter of the GDP and Life Expectancy: Sxy =148 i=148(xi-x)(yi-y)= 73011. 6 Section 3: Linear regression We start our investigation by studying the line best fit of the data in Table 1. This will allow us to see whether there is a relation of linear dependence between GDP and Life Expectancy. The regression line for the variables x and y is given by the following formula: y-y  ? =SxySx2(x-x ) By using the values found above we get: y= 62. 51 + 0. 5926*10-3 x The Pearson's correlati on coefficient is: r = 0. 6380 The following graph shows the data on Table 1 together with the line of best fit computed Figure 1: Linear regression. The value of the correlation coefficient r ~ 0. , is evidence of a moderate positive linear correlation between the variables x and y. On the other hand it is apparent from the graph above that the relation between the variables is not exactly linear. In the next section we will try to speculate on the reason for this non-linear relation and on what type of statistical relation can exist between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy. Section 4: Logarithmic regression As explained in reference [3], â€Å"the main reason for this non-linear relationship [between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy] is because people consume both needs and wants.People consume needs in order to survive. Once a person’s needs are satisfied, they could then spend the rest of their money on non-necessities. If everyone’s needs are satisfied, then any increase in GDP per capita would barely affect Life Expectancy. â€Å" There are various other reasons that one can think of, to explain the non-linear relationship between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy. For example the GDP per capita is the average wealth, while one should consider also how the global wealth is distributed among the population of a given country.With this in mind, to have a more complete picture of the statistical relation between economy of a country and Life Expectancy, one should take into considerations also other economic parameters, such as the Inequality Index, that describe the distribution of wealth among the population. Moreover, the wealth of the population is not the only factor effecting Life Expectancy: one should also take into account, for example, the governmental policies of a nation towards health and poverty. For example Cuba, a country with a very low GDP per capita ($ 2900), has a relatively high Life Expectancy (76. 8 years), mostly due to the fact that the government provides basic needs and health assistance to the population. Some of these aspects will be discussed in the next section. Let’s try to guess what could be a reasonable relation between the variables x (GDP per capita) and y (Life Expectancy). According to the above observations we can consider the total GDP formed by two values: x= xn + xw, where xn denotes the part of wealth spent on necessities, and xw denotes the part spent on wants.It is reasonable to make the following assumptions: 1. The Life Expectancy depends linearly on the part of wealth spent on necessities: y=axn + b, (1) 2. The fraction xn/x of wealth spent on necessities, is close to 1 when x is close to 0 (if one has a little amount of money he/she will spend most of it on necessities), and is close to 0 when x is very large (if one has a very large money he/she will spend only a little fraction of on necessities). 3.We make the following choice for the function xn= f(x) sa tisfying the above requirements: xn= log (cx + 1)/c, (2) where c is some positive parameter. This function is chosen mainly for two reasons. On one hand it satisfies the requirements that are describe in 2, indeed the corresponding graph of xn/x = f(x) = log (cx + 1)/cx: Figure 2: Graph of the function y= log (cx + 1)/cx, for C=0. 5 (blue), 1 (black) and 10 (red). The blue, black and red lines correspond respectively to the choice of parameter c= 0. 5, 1 and 10.As it appears from the graph in all cases we have f(0)= 1 and f(x) is small for large values of x. On the other hand the function chosen allows us to use the statistical tools at our disposal in the excel software to derive some interesting conclusion about the statistical relation between x and y. This is what we are going to do next. First we want to find the relation between x and y under the above assumptions. Putting together equations (1) and (2) we get: y= aclncx+1+b, (3) which shows that there is a logarithmic depende nce between x and y.Equation (3) can be rewritten in the following equivalent form: if we denote A=a/c, B= b+(a/c)ln(c), C=1/c, y=Aln(x+C)+B . (4) We can now study the curve of type (4) which best fits the data in Table 1, using the statistical tools of excel spreadsheet. Unfortunately excel allows us to plot only a curve of type y= Aln(x) + B (i. e. equation of type four where C is equal to 0). For this choice of C, we get the following logarithmic curve of best fit together with the corresponding value of correlation coefficient r2. Figure 3: Logarithmic regression.To find the analogous curve of best fit for a given value of C (positive, arbitrarily chosen) we can simply add C to all the x values and redo the same plot as for C= 0 with the new independent variable x1= x + C. We omit showing the graphs containing the curve of best fit for all the possible values of C and we simply report, in the following table, the correlation coefficient r for some appropriately chosen values of C. C| r| 0. 00| 0. 77029| 0. 01| 0. 77029| 0. 1| 0. 77028| 1| 0. 77025| 10| 0. 76991| 100| 0. 76666| Table 8: correlation coefficient r2 for the curve of best fit y= Aln(x+C) +B, for some values of C. The above data indicate that the optimal choice of C is between 0. 00 and 0. 01, since in this case r is the closest to 1. Comparing the results got with the linear regression (r ~ 0,6) and the logarithmic regression (r ~ 0,8) we can conclude that the latter appears to be a better model to describe the relation between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy, since the value of the correlation coefficient is significantly bigger. From Figure 3 one the data is very far from the curve of best fit and so we may decide to discuss it separately and do the regression without it.This data is corresponds to South Africa with a GDP per capita of 10700 and a Life Expectancy at birth of 46. 56 (much lower than any other country with a comparable GDP). It is reasonable to think that this anomaly is due to the peculiar history of South Africa which, after the end of apartheid, had to face an uncontrolled violence. It is therefore difficult to fit this country in a statistical model and we can decide to remove it from our data. Doing so, we get the following new plot. Figure 4: Logarithmic regression for the data in Table 1 excluding South Africa. The new value of correlation coefficient r~ 0. 3 indicates that, excluding the anomalous data of South Africa, there is a strong positive logarithmic correlation between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy at birth. Section 5: Chi square test (? 2? test) We conclude our investigation by making a chi square test. This will allow us to confirm the existence of a relation between the variables x and y. For this purpose we formulate the following null and alternative hypotheses. H0: GDP and Life Expectancy are not correlated. H1: GDP and Life Expectancy are correlated * Observed frequency: The observed frequencies are obtained directly from Ta ble 2: | Below y? | Above y? | Total|Below x| 14| 1| 15| Above x| 16| 17| 33| Total| 30| 18| 48| Table 6: Observed frequencies for the chi square test * Expected frequency: The expected frequencies are obtained by the formula: fe = (column total (row total) / total sum | Below y? | Above y? | Total| Below x| 9. 375| 5. 625| 15| Above x| 20. 625| 12. 375| 33| Total| 30| 18| 48| Table 7: Expected frequencies for the chi square test. We can now calculate the chi square variable: ?2? = ( f0-fe)2/fe = 8. 85 In order to decide whether we accept or not the alternative hypothesis H1, we need to find the number of degrees of freedom (df) and to fix a level of confidence .The number of degrees of freedom is: df= (number of rows – 1) (number of columns –1) = 1 The corresponding critical values of chi square, depending on the choice of level of confidence , are given in the following table (see reference [4]) df| 00. 10| 00. 05| 0. 025| 00. 01| 0. 005| 1| 2. 706| 3. 841| 5. 024| 6 . 635| 7. 879| Table 7: Critical values of chi square with one degree of freedom. Since the value of chi square is greater than any of the above critical values, we conclude that even with a level of confidence = 0. 005 we can accept the alternative hypothesis H1: GDP and Life Expectancy are related.The above test shows that there is some relation between the two variables x (GDP per capita) and y (Life Expectancy at birth). Our goal is to further investigate this relation. Section 6: Conclusions Interpretation of results Our study of the statistical relation between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy brings us to the following conclusions. As the chi square test shows there is definitely some statistical relation between the two variables (with a confidence level = 0. 005). The study of linear regression shows that there is a moderate positive linear correlation between the two variables, with a correlation coefficient r~ 0. . This linear model can be greatly improved replacing the linear dependence with a different type of relation. In particular we considered a logarithmic relation between the variable x (GDP) and y (Life Expectancy). With this new relation we get a correlation coefficient r~ 0. 7. In fact, if we remove the data related to the anomalous country of South Africa (which should be discussed separately and does not fit well in our statistical analysis), we get an even higher correlation coefficient r~ 0. . This is evidence of a strong positive logarithmic dependence between x and y. Validity and Areas of improvement Of course one possible improvement of this project would be to consider a much more extended collection data on which to do the statistical analysis. For example one could consider a large list countries, data related to different years (other than 2003), and one could even think of studying data referring to local regions within a single country.All this can be found in literature but we decided to restrict to the data presented in this project because we considered it enough as an application of the mathematical and statistical tools used in the project. A second, probably more interesting, possible improvement of the project would be to consider other economic factors that can affect the Life Expectancy at birth of a country. Indeed the GDP per capita is just a measure of the average wealth of a country and it does not take in account the distribution of the wealth.There are however several economic indices that measure the dispersion of wealth in the population and could be considered, together with the GDP per capita, as a factor influencing Life Expectancy. For example, it would be interesting to study a linear regression model in which the dependent variable y is the Life Expectancy and with two (or more) independent variables xi, one of which should be the GDP per capita and another could be for example the Gini Inequality Index reference (measuring the dispersion of wealth in a country).This would have been very interesting but, perhaps, it would have been out of context in a project studying GDP per capita and Life Expectancy. Probably the most important direction of improvement of the present project is related to the somewhat arbitrary choice of the logarithmic model used to describe the relation between GDP and Life Expectancy. Our choice of the function y= Aln(x+C) +B, was mainly dictated by the statistic package at our disposal in the excel software used in this project.Nevertheless we could have considered different, and probably more appropriate, choices of functional relations between the variables x and y. For example we could have considered a mixed linear and hyperbolic regression model of type y= A + Bx + C/(x+D), as it is sometimes considered in literature (see reference [4]). Bibliography: 1. Gapminder World. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. ;lt;http://www. gapminder. org;gt;. 2. â€Å"GDP – per Capita (PPP) vs. Infant Mortality Rate. Index Mundi – Country Facts. W eb. 4Jan. 2012. <http://www. indexmundi. com/g/correlation. aspx? v1=67>. 3. â€Å"Life Expectancy at Birth versus GDP per Capita (PPP). † Statistical Consultants Ltd. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. <http://www. statisticalconsultants. co. nz/ weeklyfeatures/WF6. html>. 4. â€Å"Table: Chi-Square Probabilities. † Faculty & Staff Webpages. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. <http://people. richland. edu/james/lecture/m170/tbl-chi. html>.

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Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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World Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Civilizations - Essay Example It was also one of the greatest commercial centers of Europe during the Middle Ages. Byzantium gathered all the classical knowledge from the Roman Empire and tried to maintain and develop them. "Its rich historiographical tradition preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid art, architecture, literature and technological achievements were built" (Wikipedia, 2005, par.19). It is likely that the Renaissance could not have been so prosperous were it not for the foundation laid in Byzantium, and the group of Greek scholars to the West the Empire had fallen. The power of its theologians was large and it influenced many Western scholars, and their subtraction from the "canon" of Western theology in next centuries has only served to weaken the canon and make it poorer (Cantor, 1963). The Byzantine Empire brought common acceptance of Christianity to Western European countries - possibly one of the main aspects of a contemporary Europe's identity. Under the rule of Emperor Justinian, Byzantium got the body of laws -the Corpus iuris civilis. This was not merely a prominent legal achievement in codifying Roman law, it was also the first organized effort to combine Roman law and jurisprudence with Christianity. Even though Byzantium would finally weaken in power, from the eleventh century, Justinian's Corpus iuris civilis became the basis of all European law and legal practice (except for England). In general, this set of laws prescribed tolerance to foreigners, liberty of thought within the frames of Christian Orthodoxy and general rights of the residents of the Empire. Attitude towards women was tolerant comparing to Islamic tradition. Monogyny was obligatory in Byzantine, while Islamic tradition practiced polygyny. In Byzantine, women were compared to children and seniors: they were the weakest and most vulnerable, so it was necessary to protect them. In Muslim countries, women were nothing but men's property, they were allow ed to wear determined kinds of clothes and had to behave according to the certain rules.Political intolerance predominated in Asian countries: foreigners had restricted rights and were allowed to visit only certain places (except the mosque and so on) and had to be additional taxes, such as jizya poll tax ; they were always treated as strangers and people of 'wrong faith'. Jihad ('holy war') was one of the main aspects of Islamic doctrine, so Muslims were free to deceive, betray (and if necessary kill) people of 'wrong faith' . "Nature guided the Muslims to develop values and ways of behavior such as: repression of the other (since in Asian life, a person either controls or is controlled); constant preparation for war in order to achieve hegemony; living in a patriarchal system; contempt for others and for culture; and an amazing ability to shift loyalties" (Memri, 2005, par.8). On the other hand, Muslims created magnificent culture, developed sciences (algebra, geometry, chemistry) philosophy, architecture and fine arts. Lustered glass was the most obvious Islamic contribution to modern ceramics. Manuscript illumination in Islamic world was famous and greatly respected art, and portrait miniature painting was widespread in Persia. By 364 AD, the Roman Empire had been completely split into two different states: The Eastern Roman Empire, and the Western Roman Empire. The Western Empire soon fell after the invasion of

Privatization of zain company in kuwait Assignment

Privatization of zain company in kuwait - Assignment Example Getting hold of all the board members to assist in making key decisions was difficult since they also had other government duties assigned to them. The research findings also revealed that Zain’s services changed after its privatization. When comparing Zain’s services between pre and post privatization, the study revealed that the level of satisfaction due to service and product increased. The several categories of service delivery evaluated included: communication to the clients, monthly billing, branches availability and working hours, and the time for service delivery whether it is new subscription or reactivation of the service. The results revealed that the services before privatization were basic. In regard to its services, Zain also increased its investment in software development services, sophisticated modern technology; wireless connectivity services, including 3G, 4G/LTE Internet services and fiber optics after its privatization. The varied products and servi ces brought about by Zain’s privatization were registered in its profits. Some of potential weaknesses experienced during the study that were not within the control of the researchers included time constraints, small number of participants and lack of pre-privatization company sources. As regards to time; time frame allocated for the entire study was not enough to enable the researcher interview all the respondents. The set time was limited; thus, it was difficult for the researchers to meet the employees and the customers, some of which have busy schedules. Secondly, the sample population chosen for the research was small compared to the entire number of Zain’s customers and employees. Lastly, before privatization; the company was owned by the government and was not listed in Kuwait stock Exchange market. Therefore, to access data and get information on the strategy

Banishing tobacco, how to quit smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Banishing tobacco, how to quit smoking - Essay Example List every reason. If you have attempted to quit multiple times renew your list of reasons and make a list of what went wrong with your previous attempts. The reasons you failed are called triggers and if you know what these are, you can avoid them. Did you start again because you were at a place where people were smoking such as a bar? Did a stressful situation arise? Obviously, this calls for a bit of self-reflection but if you really want to quit for good you need to do this. Forewarned is forearmed. Set a date and a time to quit. Be specific. Tell yourself, â€Å"At seven pm on March 18, 2006, I am going to quit smoking and not pick up another cigarette.† This is also a form of preparation. Even if you quit â€Å"cold turkey† setting a time will allow you time to psychologically prepare to deal with the cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Drink plenty of water. Doctors have been telling us for years to drink at least eight glasses of water a day and it is good advice. Water cleanses the body of impurities including the tars and nicotine accumulated in your years of smoking. Get support from your friends and family. This is especially important if they are smokers. Ask them not to smoke in your house or car. This may be difficult if you’re married to a smoker but if they are supportive it will go a long way toward your quest to banish tobacco from your life. If your spouse is a smoker as well, he or she may want to quit as well and you can mutually support each other. Get advise from your doctor or primary care giver.

International HR and Organizational Behavior Essay

International HR and Organizational Behavior - Essay Example 131). When Japanese firms, as suggested by the two authors, face similar institutional forces, they have developed different levels of the organizational capabilities required to effectively use their resources in international competition. In most Japanese Firms, the HR or the firms' resources and capabilities emphasizes the management of the internal environment of the firm as a key to competitiveness. These are called "the fixed, firm-specific input factors of production. The subject organizational learning has been of frequent study in the literature as a system that significantly assists the survival of small firms. In United Kingdom's manufacturing firms, it has been studied that entrepreneurial firms use higher-order (or double-loop) learning. Moreover, it has been also found that higher-order learning greatly influences definite managerial competencies. Firms were able to manage information more effectively than non-entrepreneurial firms. In persuading small firms to increase their commitment to employee and organizational development, the UK government has adopted the philosophy of organizational learning (Fryer 1997). ... This is the Lifelong Learning that is composed and implemented in four policy initiatives: New Deal, the University for Industry, Individual Learning Accounts, and the National Grid for Learning. Even though these methods proved to offer benefits, some authors still suggest to add the caution that there is very limited empirical data in the academic literature to substantiate any claims about how and why organizational learning actually contributes towards enhancing organizational performance (Badger et al. 2001). National Differences: Does it matter With the rise of globalization and internationalization of businesses, comes a challenge of a potential culture collision. Firms involve in the international business have the tendency to retain many aspects of their original national culture bias in their global trades. As a result, firms should look forward to ever more cross-cultural exchanges in striving to reach agreements that are both understandable and meaning to both negotiators. For an international business to prosper, it has to successfully manage and anticipate the impact of cultural differences prior to venturing. National difference is an intangible factor that might cause Multinational Firms to either be successful or otherwise. Misunderstanding and misinterpretations are just two things that are inevitable in cross-cultural dealings and thus require proper conflict management. Even though most international joint ventures succeed, it can never be denied that cultural factors still continue to surface and cause problems in more understated and indirect ways. In joint ventures, it becomes the problem of the managers in resolving everyday conflicts with coworkers from other

Exploring Inclusion in a United Kingdom School Dissertation

Exploring Inclusion in a United Kingdom School - Dissertation Example The intention of this study is Inclusion of children with special needs and abilities in schools. Some parents and teachers have different views depending on their situation, as some accept it as a positive educational practice that benefits the included children with special needs as well as mainstream children. On the other hand, others do not agree to combining children with differing abilities and needs. However, breakthroughs in educational research has pushed individuals to acknowledge the practice of inclusion as viable intervention in supporting the development of children with special education needs who are placed in inclusive classrooms. This paper will endeavour to report on explorative research on inclusion in primary schools in the United Kingdom. It reviews related literature on the topic, reporting findings of various studies which mostly include the research methods of observations and interviews. The researcher has gained access to an inclusive classroom as a volunt eer, and in effect, she became a participant observer in the inclusive class. She was not only able to gain information about inclusion in her task as volunteer, but was immersed in the system so she had more in-depth perspective of what it was like to be in an inclusive class. On top of assisting the main teacher, she was vigilant in observing the children’s interactions with each other (how mainstream children interact with children with special needs) and how teachers may have differentiated the mainstream children from the children with special education needs in terms of treatment, planned activities and relationships with them. Research Questions The main research questions that guided this study were the following: Main question: How is inclusion implemented in a UK school? Sub-questions: What are the views of teachers and other adults working in inclusive settings regarding the blending of mainstream children and children with special needs in their classes? Are there any differences in treatment and the given educational programmes for mainstream children and children with special needs within the inclusive classroom? 1 Research Design The researcher was a participant observer in an inclusive school setting. She took down notes on her observations of some classes indoors and the children at play during outdoor play periods. Apart from her observations, she conducted semi-structured interviews

Animal Cruelty Essay Example for Free

Animal Cruelty Essay To bring awareness to my audience about animal cruelty. Introduction: As humanity has grown, there has been an increase in authority and rules and regulations of everyday life. One of these rules is animal cruelty. Animal cruelty simply means cruel unjustified treatment of animals and sometimes pets to unnecessary harm and pain. One principal type of animal cruelty is torture. It is not ethical, moral, or legal but we humans do it.. One of the places we see the most animal cruelty is in the circuses. Animals in circuses are regularly and dangerously exposed to many abuses and diseases. Circuses do not practice what they preach and indulge in animal cruelty on a regular basis, after the training sessions of the circuses, tight collars, whips; beatings and torture are the order of the day for these animals. Elephants are one of the animals that suffer from major diseases in the circuses like tuberculosis and can infect humans with the bacterial disease. Some cases show that the elephants were not cured medically for wounds caused during beatings and other natural causes. Circuses have known to keep a large amount of soil ready, to hide the wounds and the blood on the elephants. Some elephants have also suffered from lameness, arthritis and food abscesses. Elephant deaths in circuses are normally caused due to osteoporosis. Elephants suffer from Osteoporosis simply because they do not have wide spaces to move around. Due to the cruel treatments, it has been proved that circus animals are dying at a higher rate than they are breeding. Circuses teach children that its acceptable to abuse and mistreat animals for amusement Another animal cruelty is with dogs, people seem to think that fighting is a dog’s nature. Dogs are not the same as humans, but dogs do feel physical pain. Just because a dog cant say That hurts! doesnt mean they dont feel pain. Dogs also suffer from feelings such as loneliness when left chained. Thats why they howl and bark, to try and get some attention and if they are ignored dogs stops howling, its because hes given up hope. So much cruelty is involved in dogfighting. Dogs are tortured to make them violent. Kittens and puppies are used as bait to teach dogs to kill. Illegal drugs and weapons are usual at dogfights. Fighting dogs usually live on chains their whole lives. Other animal cruelty we see is when they make experiments on animals, like monkeys, mouse, gineapigs etc. Monkeys and others animals do not have identical immune systems as humans, and may not respond to drugs or vaccines in the same way. Animals are often depressed alternatives for humans, and some mixtures that may well cause no harm to an animal, could seriously harm a human being. Also, a drug that is toxic to the animal it is tested on may have no toxicity, and even healing benefits in humans. Pain and suffering still occur, and simply being in captivity can cause great distress to animals, just as it would to a human. We most of the times forget the pain and suffering we are causing to animals, we use them as objects of study, rather than live creatures, and this can mean they are treated as disposable rather than indispensable.

Treatments of Parkinson’s diseases Essay Example for Free

Treatments of Parkinson’s diseases Essay Parkinson’s disease is a neurological condition that affects the sufferer’s mobility and also the speech. It affects the central nervous system leading to a person’s inability to control body movement and also speech. It is a disease whose treatment does not intend to cure it but instead, aims at controlling its manifestation. There are various ways in which this can be done. It may involve the use of drugs, performance of surgery and also physical exercise is encouraged. It progresses gradually from the early stages with mild symptoms to later stages with severe symptoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The disease is as a result of lowered formation and action of dopamine which is produced by the dopaminergic neurons found in the brain. This then led to the formation of drugs that will either increase the formation or mimic the actions taken by dopamine in the brain. This was important because an increase in the levels of dopamine would lead to a reduction of the effects of the disease. All the drugs used to control the disease all include dopamine as their main active agent regardless of how it works. Depending on which class of drugs it belongs to, it may either mimic or produce dopamine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the earliest forms of treatments are the anticholinergics. These were used even before the introduction of levodopa which is the most widely used drug. The anticholinergics had very mild benefits when they were compared to the harmful side effects that followed its use. The side effects include having a dry mouth, urine retention which especially occurs among men, it also causes very severe constipation and nausea. There are some other side effects that occur that are more serious and are among the major reasons why the use of these drugs has become minimal. These include confusion memory loss and hallucination (http://www.mayoclinic.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The realization that the benefits realized were much less than the side effects it causes has led to the reduction of its prescription. Since some anti-depressants and antihistamine diphenhydramine tend to have the almost the same effects as the anticholinergics, some doctors prescribe them to older people who are suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Once an individual realizes that they are having hallucinations and the other severe symptoms, it is adviced that the use of the drug be stopped immediately.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Levodopa is drug that was introduced in 1967 and is currently the most commonly used drug. It is mostly addressed to as Sinemet and is used to help restore the control that one has over the muscles. It is referred to as a gold standard because it is introduced at the time when the symptoms are very mild at the onset of the disease. Once it gets into the body, it is converted inside the brain into dopamine. It therefore increases the level of dopamine that is found in the brain and counters the effects of the disease. (http://www.fdu.gov). the conversion to dopamine is what leads to the positive effects that a patient experiences when using the drug.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It however has very serious side effects which include nausea and dyskinesias (involuntary movement). This occurs because only a small percentage of it enters the dopaminergic neurons to be transformed into dopamine in the brain. The rest of it is transformed in to dopamine in the body. It therefore becomes necessary to use cardibopa which delays the metabolism of levodopa until it reaches the dopaminergic neurons in the brain. The combination hence helps reduce the side effects caused by the drug because once the metabolism takes place only in the brain it means that the side-effects are not felt as much as when it occurs in the body.   The other problem posed by the use of this drug is that its dosage needs to be increased over time. It has also been observed that it works on and off without any explained cause as to why this happens. This makes it unreliable because its effects are not constant and at times the patient gets violent attacks while still under medication. The various side effects and unreliability of levodopa leads to the necessity to combine it with various other drugs to make it more effective. Some of these drugs can be used on their own while others actually require to be used with the levedopa-cardibopa combination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A cluster of drugs called dopamine agonists are usually used in a combination with the levodopa-cardibopa drugs. They can however also be used on their own. If used without the use of cardibopa-levodopa therapy, it can only be when the diseased has not progressed far and also only works well in younger adults. In other words it is used alone when the symptoms are mild and only in younger adults. This class of drugs does not produce or help in the production of dopamine but instead imitates the effects that dopamine has in the body. (http://www.mayoclinic.com). In other words, they tend to act on behalf of dopamine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This class of drugs include; Apokyn, Requip, Parlodel and Mirapex. Parlodel used to be administered some time back but of late its use has become less. This is because it had very serious side effects that endangered the patient more than it benefited him/her. It would cause inflammation in the lungs and/or heart valves of the user and thus would lead to further deterioration of the patients’ health. In general this class of drugs has side effects that are almost similar to those of carbidopa-levodopa but with slight differences. The effects of having involuntary movement are reduced while those of hallucinations and/or sleepiness are increased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The drug Mirapex takes up the role of dopamine in the body as it is one of the dopamine agonists. When it is used in the absence of levodopa-cardibopa, it causes a 30% improvement in the health of the patient. When used in combination, it is able to reduce the intake of the levodopa dosage by about 25%. Requip is also a dopamine agonist that can also be used either alone or with levodopa. When used together with levodopa, it can reduce the intake of the close by around 31%. The reduction of the dosage is on top of increased benefits to the patient (http://www.fda.gov). Catechol-o-methyltransferace inhibitors which are usually abbreviated as COMT inhibitors, are used block the enzymes that break down the levodopa into dopamine even before it reaches the brain thus causing severe side effects and minimal benefits to the patient. They can be used in combination with the levodopa-cardibopa therapy. The two main COMT inhibitors are Tasmar and Entacapone. Tasmar is rarely used because of its severe impact on the health of the user. It causes severe liver damage and hence is only used as a last resort if the patient has failed to respond to any other therapy (http://www.mayoclinic.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stalevo is the result of a combination of cardibopa, levodopa and entacapone. Entacapone does not have side-effects as severe as those of tasmar and hence is preferred than tasmar. Its major side-effect is the involuntary movements experienced by the user. It works in conjunction with the cabidopa-levodopa therapy by increasing their availability. This is done by blocking the enzymes that break down the substance into dopamine until the drug is already in the brain. This then means that the effects of cabidopa-levodopa are prolonged because they occur only in the brain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Selegiline also referred to as Eldepryl is another drug that can either be used with or without the presence of carbidopa-levodopa therapy. It works by preventing the metabolism of dopamine. It does this by slowing down the activity of one of the enzymes that metabolize dopamine. This is the monoamine oxidase B which is abbreviated as MAO-B. The use of selegiline has other positive effects like delaying the need of carbidopa-levodopa. When combined with carbidopa-levodopa it improves the effectiveness of the drug. It can however have some adverse toxic reactions when combined with Demerol which is a narcotic drug.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apart from ingesting drugs, they can be administered through the skin through the use of a silicon-based patch. Rotigotine is a dopamine agonist drug that can be administered through the skin but can only be used in the early stages of the disease. This is called Neupro-rotigotine transdermal system. The patch requires to be changed every 24 hours. It works by stimulating the dopamine receptors in the body. Its side-effects include skin reaction where the patch is hallucinations, insomnia, drowsiness, sleep-attacks, nausea, vomiting and the most severe is the reduction in blood pressure once the person stands up (http://www.fda.gov).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Amantadine is another drug that is used in treatment of Parkinson’s disease but its use was discovered by accident. Initially it was to be an antiviral used in the treatment of influenza and was approved as such in 1976 by Food and Drug Administration. It was however discovered to provide relief if only short term when used alone in the early stages of the Parkinson’s disease. When it is combined with carbidopa-levodopa it can be used by those in the later stages. It has side effects that mostly involve swelling of the ankles and also turning the skin color to purple (http://www.mayodinic.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In every human beings body, there is the presence of coenzyme Q10 which is produced by the mitochondria. This enzyme is used in the transport of electrons so that they can gain energy from the oxygen inhaled. This is done in the process called cellular respiration. The levels of this enzyme are very low in those suffering from Parkinson’s disease. These people can therefore benefit greatly by having more of this enzyme which can only be done by taking supplements.   This then aids in helping slows down the onset of the disease and these supplements can be brought from a pharmacist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apart from the use of drugs, there are various surgeries that can be used to control the effects of the disease. One of the surgeries is pallidotomy which involves the destruction of a small bit of the globus pallidus. This is because it is overactive in those suffering from Parkinson’s disease. It is done by drilling a small hole in the skull and using an electric probe to do the destruction. It can only be done when the patient is sedated but awake so as the judge his or her reactions to stimuli. It is done on one side of the brain at a time and may be done more than once if necessary. Its side effects mostly involves impaired speech (http://www.fda.gov)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thalamotomy is another surgical procedure used in the control of Parkinson’s disease. It is only performed on those patients who are experiencing tremors in either the hand or the arm and these tremors become too severe to the point of disabling that person. It involves the destruction of a specific group of cells that are in the thalamus in the brain. It has been found to be successful in that it reduces or completely eliminates the tremors in around 90% of those who undergo the procedure (http://www.fda.gov).   There is also the presence of a gadget that can be equalized to the pacemaker used for cardio problems and is referred to as a â€Å"brain pacemaker† (http://www.fda.gov). This is a form of therapy is referred to as Active Tremor Control Therapy. It involves the surgical implantation of an insulated wire to the brain. It is placed in the thalamus region of the brain, the subthalamic nucleus, and also the globus pallidus area of the brain. It is referred to as a neurostimulator whose main task occurs in the process of a tremor occurring. The whole system includes three components which are: lead, extension and the neurostimulator. This system is referred to as Deep Brain Stimulation because it occurs directly inside the brain. A small hole is made in the skull and through it the lead is inserted into the brain. The lead is a very thin wire that is insulated. The tip of the lead is in contact with the area that has been targeted. Once it has been implanted, it is connected to the neurostimulator by the extension which is also an insulated wire (http://minds.nih.gov). The extension passes under the skin and moves from the head, to the neck, shoulder and finally to where the neurostimulator is located. The neurotransmitter is located either under the collarbone, in the abdomen or the lower chest area just directly under the skin. The neurotransmitter involves a battery pack that sends electrical impulses to the brain. This is done through the extension and finally the lead. When the person is undergoing tremors, he or she is supposed to pass a handheld magnet over the location of the neurostimulator. The electrical impulses that are sent by the neurostimulator work by blocking the electrical signals that are the cause of the Parkinson’s disease symptoms. These are dysfunctional brain signals and they are the cause of the tremors. This procedure is preferred because it does not destroy the nerve cells and hence when one wants to stop its use it is as easy as having the system surgically removed.   This is then makes it possible for one to use it comfortably especially as it has minimal if any side effects. This system has no reported side effects as yet as it only involves inserting and removing a piece of wire in the brain. Works cited Henkel John, Parkinson’s Disease: New Treatments Slow Onslaught of Symptoms U.S Food and Drug Administration 1998. Retrieved on 22 November 2007 from http://www.fda.gov/fdac.features/19981498.html Mayoclinic.com Tools for healthier lives Parkinson’s disease Treatment April 12 2007 Retrieved on 22 November 2007 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/parkinsons-disease/DS00295/DSECTION=8 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NINDS Deep Brain Stimulation For Parkinson’s Disease Information Page last update Nov 19 2007 Retrieved on 22 November 2007 from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/deep_brain_stimulation/deep_deep_stimulation.htm U.S Food and Drug Administration Neupro Patch for Parkinson’s Approved May 14 2007 Retrieved on 22 Nov 207 from http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/neupro051407.html

Anti-Spam and Anti-Malware Protection in Exchange 2013

Anti-Spam and Anti-Malware Protection in Exchange 2013 Siddiq Mohammed Siddiq Aburuzayzah Abstract : This article show what are anti spam and anti malware not been changed sins version   2007 ,   2010 and 2013 Introduction : The Exchange 2003 built in Open Relay Filter or Real time Black hole List capabilities and DNS Blacklist And supplemented later Microsoft Exchange smart Message Filter ( IMF ) And to provide Protection of the highest and most powerful anti-spam It used smart screen technology from Microsoft and for this reason he became in 2004 ( IMF )   part from Exchange 2003 in SP2 . With Exchange 2007 and 2010 was able to Microsoft Corp . to develop and improve the exchange of capabilities to fight spam by providing connection filtering , attachment filtering, sender ID,   content filtering , And other features like   sender reputation and IP allow / block lists from out the box , on server edge   or edge server . Also on transport hup server could enabled All these features , With the exceptions of attachment filtering and connection Which means that most start-ups and small organizations do not have the capacity and the means or sufficient volume of e-mail To justify the cost of installation and maintenance of complete network with edge transport hup , and can almost take advantage of the full capabilities of the anti-spam Although it has been providing good protection level and for some reason was never in built anti malware protection . Usually supplemented Features by using third-party software or appliance , or Microsofts own software and anti malware also anti pam . Anti-Spam in Exchange 2013 : Exchange 2013 offers classes ways to curb Anti spam , And also provides filtering   anti spam Through the use of transport agents With built-in transport agents to anti   spam , Without adding any changes in the exchange in 2013 . Anti-Spam Mailbox Agents : When it is not the organization some kind of third party anti-spam or server transport agents Anti spam agents usually enabled on mailbox servers filtering appliance . Enabling Anti-Spam : The following factors anti spam in exchange 2013 It is not installed by default, but are available in the transport service on the Mailbox server , According to Anti-Spam and Anti-Malware (2013) : Content Filter agent Sender ID agent Sender Filter agent Recipient Filter agent Protocol Analysis agent for sender reputation Some organizations have usually proven anti-spam agents in the transport service on the mailbox When all mail accepted without spam filtering , Until that there is exchange of works on messages before they reach your inbox , such as ( the exchange of 2010 ) , Inbox recognize the agents anti-spam X-headers   And which added from   exchange   , Some messages that contain the X-headers Pass without examination . Example : Exchange Online Protection Anti-Spam VS   Exchange 2013 : It is typically used in the exchange of three ways Although he is capable of providing excellent features or capabilities to anti spam and ease of administration Where organizations can buy EOP from Microsoft where they help to protect the mail from intrusion and malicious software : Provide protection for the exchange in the work environment .   Ã‚   Since the Microsoft Exchange portion of the Internet with EOP Cloud hosted online exchange . With the deployment of the hybrid with EOP Messages protect the environment and governed and mail routing There is a mix of cloud and cans workplace . The benefits of using EOP versus Exchange 2013 : Easy configuration Excellent connection filtering Excellent content filtering Conclusion: In conclusion, the fight against spam in the exchange in 2013 did not solve   any real practical changes sins Exchange   2007 and Exchange 2010 until this day   .

Jay Gatsby’s character encompasses a lot of characteristics at once :: English Literature:

Jay Gatsby’s character encompasses a lot of characteristics at once Great Gatsby -ambitious? Jay Gatsby’s character encompasses a lot of characteristics at once, making him one of the most diverse characters in the book. As we move deeper and deeper into the novel, we discover that we can narrow down Gatsby’s characteristics down to a few adjectives. One of the main adjectives that can be written onto Jay Gatsby is ambitious. We can say to a very large extent that Gatsby’s character is very ambitious. There are several different occasions that can support things argument. For instance, why does Gatsby throw all his lavish parties? He throws them in order to seduce and get Daisy’s attention. This is directly related to his ambition for getting Daisy, since he never gives up his naà ¯ve view on his love for Daisy. He has thrown so many parties that it is now a custom for everyone to book â€Å"Gatsby’s mansion† on their Saturday’s in their calendars. He never surrenders and feels hopeless over Daisy, yet instead he strives harder and harder as the days go by to seduce her. This is a solid proof of his ambition for love. He has such a strong willed heart that he will never let go of it until the day he dies; which is what happens. In addition he never realized that maybe he can’t ever have Daisy, but of course his ambition has worked too hard to give up when he’s tried for so long. Another great example of his ambition is his business and his striving to become a permanent member of the upper-class. For years he has tried to do great business with Wolfshiem, to get into the right deals, in order to enhance his wealth and set up his position in West Egg. He isn’t a part of the established wealth however through buying his way into everything, especially the social life and Daisy’s heart; he thinks he can be a part of the East Egg lifestyle.

Small changes for the urban teacher :: Education Teaching Learning Papers

Small changes for the urban teacher I think there are a lot of minds going to waste in our urban environments, minds that could be reinventing the world, but are, for some reason, only keeping themselves down and out of a culture that needs them. Why are there so few college bound kids graduating from our urban schools, and why are the ones who do go to college so ill-prepared when its obvious how capable they are? I claim that it is possible to change how we teach in a manner that doesn’t take more time, but yields more opportunities for the multicultural classroom to learn. Treisman’s article was not only a big resource, but a huge inspiration for my paper and personal goals. Being from a rural community, I feel very under-educated when it comes to the urban community. He gave me a lot of information, some of which I would have assumed, but was reassured to see it in writing, and some of which I would not have thought up with on my own. Another resource I used was ‘Problems and Solutions in Urban Schools’ edited by Gwendolyn Duhon. It was a very helpful tool, and written by many different authors, which was great for getting a few different voices behind my arguments. A final resource for me was ‘Becoming a Successful Urban Teacher’ by Dave Brown. This book probably helped me more personally than specifically for this paper. I loved that it went over so many of the questions I have had and left plenty of room for personal reflection. I would like to begin by saying that every teacher has his or her own personality, and the incorporation of that could alter some of the specifics of each of my principles, but I do believe the general make-up of the principles to be universal. I think that the best way my principles could be summed up would be in three stages: Pre-classroom, Firstweek, and Yearlong, each having equal importance. Pre-classroom would be the most time consuming of the stages, because it involves reevaluating all of your mathematical content knowledge. I think drastic changes would occur if the teacher could spend even one week, part-time, prior to the class, reading and questioning the text book. You could familiarize yourself with every hang-up you have, working them out as you go. You could take notes of possible hang-ups the students will have and the basics they will need to overcome these. Small changes for the urban teacher :: Education Teaching Learning Papers Small changes for the urban teacher I think there are a lot of minds going to waste in our urban environments, minds that could be reinventing the world, but are, for some reason, only keeping themselves down and out of a culture that needs them. Why are there so few college bound kids graduating from our urban schools, and why are the ones who do go to college so ill-prepared when its obvious how capable they are? I claim that it is possible to change how we teach in a manner that doesn’t take more time, but yields more opportunities for the multicultural classroom to learn. Treisman’s article was not only a big resource, but a huge inspiration for my paper and personal goals. Being from a rural community, I feel very under-educated when it comes to the urban community. He gave me a lot of information, some of which I would have assumed, but was reassured to see it in writing, and some of which I would not have thought up with on my own. Another resource I used was ‘Problems and Solutions in Urban Schools’ edited by Gwendolyn Duhon. It was a very helpful tool, and written by many different authors, which was great for getting a few different voices behind my arguments. A final resource for me was ‘Becoming a Successful Urban Teacher’ by Dave Brown. This book probably helped me more personally than specifically for this paper. I loved that it went over so many of the questions I have had and left plenty of room for personal reflection. I would like to begin by saying that every teacher has his or her own personality, and the incorporation of that could alter some of the specifics of each of my principles, but I do believe the general make-up of the principles to be universal. I think that the best way my principles could be summed up would be in three stages: Pre-classroom, Firstweek, and Yearlong, each having equal importance. Pre-classroom would be the most time consuming of the stages, because it involves reevaluating all of your mathematical content knowledge. I think drastic changes would occur if the teacher could spend even one week, part-time, prior to the class, reading and questioning the text book. You could familiarize yourself with every hang-up you have, working them out as you go. You could take notes of possible hang-ups the students will have and the basics they will need to overcome these.

Kitchen by Banana Yoshimoto Essay -- English Literature Kitchen Essays

Kitchen by Banana Yoshimoto The path of life is not easy. It is scattered with struggles and hurdles which we must overcome. A rose plant is a good metaphor of life; the flower is soft with a pleasant fragrance but the thorns are prickly and hurt us. Likewise, life has good things like laughter, happiness, hope but it also has some things that hurt us, obstruct us. In Banana Yoshimoto’s novella Kitchen, Mikage Sakurai faces quandaries in her life which hinder her. However, she fights them back with hope and determination. She is aided by the Tanabe’s who help her to fight her dilemmas and struggles. Each character displays a sense of optimism, a hope for survival and the determination to fight back. In a greater sense, this rendering gives the reader a moral teaching that despair does not necessarily result in annihilation. They try to tell us that we must not give up in our lives, come what may. They appear as teachers giving us a lesson how to lead our lives. This rendering makes us feel close to them and think of them as our own friends. This makes them interesting and moving. Mikage is a loner. Throughout her life, she has felt separated from others and feels solitude. She says that despite all the love that surrounds us, we are separated by others physically and mentally which makes each one of us separate, alone. She has suffered great losses; she has lost all her family members. However, after moving into the Tanabe’s apartment, she becomes hopeful for a better life. Mikage wonders â€Å"Wrapped in blankets†¦.in the future† on page 16, that maybe she hadn’t wished for all the loneliness, maybe she had been hoping to think about the future. Here, Mikage reveals the fact that she had completely ignored... ...he darkest of moments and in our moments of despair, we must try to laugh and cheer ourselves. It is a way to become optimistic. In conclusion, this story is of great value to any reader because it portrays a real life story. The characters appear very real to us because of their simplicity and unusualness. This makes us endearing to these characters, we feel attached to them, sympathy towards them. Each character contributes to a greater understanding of the definition of life and the way to live. Each character is determined that they would not fail, they would not give up; they would continue to fight on despite any barrier, any resistance. They teach us that death is not the end of despair, there are several others way to live on despite being clouded by darkness and uncertainty. This makes the reader respect the characters and feel close to them.

Frog Atlas

MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY r——– Snout – – – – – External naris Brows pot Upper eyelid Nictitating membrane ~)f~~~~=:::::::::::::=;E;::: Lower eyelid †¢ Digits of Fingers .. J. —â€Å"‘1~-:S:r– Tympanic membrane Carpus or wrist †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ,~†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ~'l. ldOr— Forearm Upper arm r – – – – – – Median dorsal line . . . – – – – – – Hump (~ fl Cf TID~~ ~N. ir——– Anus WJirfi1il m i T – – – – Thigh ~l-~b~l,~lu,'1: ‘v~Arftb~t. n4 C q ~  ·, -A IV† ID ,- G t>h~ ·LW  ·Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (M()n:Wq . Olrcl-tv-  ·. A l-y-r; F ctf,,,b ·Ã‚ · Ru'idc r – – – – Shank G(Jil'S.  ·. 91 t1 C ~pt. d :~ ‘. v lll,. g~. rt ,W). tJf!. †¦ ~. ~~ oF. ~::— Prehallux – ! â€Å"V,A(lu:il:l ~ f cJi:h~.! :,;:::>– Dig its of toes J Web –  · Tarsus or ankle _ . ,.. :† M ·)v EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FROG ~——–Darkly are~ pigmented of the skin SwoJ. _J.. en thumb A MALE FROG Ventral view Diffused skin pigmentation †¢-~~–Thumb not swollen A FEMALE FROG Ventral view Met atarsals Astragalus]Tarsals Calcaneum Ischium SKELETAL SYSTEM Dorsal View Transverse process Neural spine Postzygapophysis 2nd to 8th vertebrae (Typical vertebrae) Sacral vertebra 9th vertebra) VERTEBRAL COLUMN Dorsal view ISOLATED VERTEBRAE Neural spine Neural arch Postzygapophysis Neural canal Concavity for articulation with occipital condyle Centrun ATLAS Antero-dorsal view .——–Neural spine ~—–Postzygapophysis Transverse process ~~~~——-Prezygapophysis †¦.. __ _ _ Neural canal ~~——-Centrum TYPICAL VETEBRA Antero-dorsal view centrum SACRAL VERTEBRA Postern-dorsal view Neural canal of the lOth Concavities for articulation lvi th sacral vertebra UROSTYLE Antero-latera! view Exoccipital Occipital condyle SKULL Dorsal view ~————Premaxillae orbit SKULL Ventral view LOWER JAW Dorsal view Anterior cornu Alary process Body Posterior cor-nu Thyroid process HYOID APPARATUS Ventral view ———————- Episternum Clavicle Omosternum Scapula Suprascapula Glenoid fossa. r——-. ::.. ::: PECTORAL GIRDLE Dorsal view Fenestra coracoid Epicoracoid Mesosternum Xiphistermn PELVIC GIRDLE, 1/2 (INNOMINATE BONE) Lateral view Head Deltoid ridge/'~ · Condyle Radio-ulna Longitudinal groove Centrale Ordinary carpals Metacarpals Radiale Ulnare -â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœo'! ;I'J !l:i(tl. =- Phalanges FOREUMB, R1ght Lataral Vtt1111 Tibio-fibula ~- Calcaneum or fib111are Astragalus or tibiale ~–~-AA~.. ,. ,'Hf– Ordinary tarsals Calcar Metatarsals ‘~~~~~~Phalanges HINDLIMB, RIGHT Ventral view ~~~——~-rr—–Temporalis ~~:. ——nm-;. ;y— Depressor mandibula ~~~~~~~~~~~~= =Dorsal1s scapula ~ ~rj;;,r–Cucullaris ~~~? // IH/IJ/II~r-†¦ ;::~=——- External Latissimus dorsi oblique m. mmr————Longiss imus dorsi llfi~~———–Ilio-lumbaris ~~~~~———-Coccygeo-sacralis ~~~~i—==========Coccygeo-iliacus ~ femoris anticus ~~~~wBwm~~———–Gluteus :f'(U~~~ ~::m. ::rn. ———— Vastus externus ~———Triceps n~~~~— femoris Semimembranosus Gracilis minor J:..!!. -.!. —- fi——–Tibialis anticus Tendon of Achilles MUSCULAR SYSTEM Dorsal view Suanentalis is 0tC r. :. ( ·s cutaneous~~~~tfl1 pectoralis Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid s epicoracofaaa– (Anterior pectoralis) –‘†Ã¢â‚¬â€-Pectoralis sternalis AU~——–PeCtoralis ~is (Posterior pectoralis) Linea alba—-~~~~1:~~~——~Rectus abdominis Inscriptiones tend inae tt,_,ie;r vn:;b? ~ .  ·~~i† n;(~~ ~. (. i d

Movies Afecting Indian Youth

One Stop for Colleges Education Career ? ? Covers complete IITJEE/AIEEE syllabus ? ? ? Chemistry, Maths and Physics Sections ? Its Free ? Lessons, tests by IIT/NIT toppers 1000+ Questions and Sample tests Last minute preparation and help Minglebox Engineering Prep Free Online Preparation for Engineering with Minglebox Engineering Prep. Cover basic concepts of under â€Å"Section† for Engineering Entrance Exam Preparation with Study material, solved examples and tests prepared by IIT/NIT toppers. 1 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. om Communication systems Electronic communication refers to the faithful transfer of informationor message (available in the form of electrical voltage and current)from one point to another point. Transmitter, transmission channel and receiver are three basic unitsof a communication system. 2 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Transducer: Any device that converts one form ofenergy into another can be termed as a transducer. Signal: Informa tion converted in electrical form and suitable for transmission is called a signal.Signals can be either analog or digital. Noise: Noise refers to the unwanted signals that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of message signals in a communication system. Transmitter: A transmitter processes the incoming message signal so as to make it suitable for transmis sion through a channel and subsequent reception. Receiver: A receiver extracts the desired message signals from the received signals at the channel output. Attenuation: The loss of strength of a signal while propagating through a medium is known as attenua tion.Amplification: It is the process of increasing the amplitude (and consequently the strength) of a signal using an electronic circuit called the amplifier. 3 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Range: It is the largest distance between a source and a destination up to which the signal is received with sufficient strength. Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the frequency range over which an equipment operates or the portion of the spectrum occupied by the signal.Modulator: At the transmitter, information contained in the low frequency message signal is superimposed on a high frequency wave, which acts as a carrier of the information. This process is known as modulation. As will be explained later, there are several types of modulation, abbreviated as AM, FM and PM. Demodulation: The process of retrieval of information from the carrier wave at the receiver is termed demodulation. This is the reverse process of modulation. Repeater: A repeater is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter.A repeater, picks up the signal from the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits it to the receiver sometimes with a change in carrier frequency. 4 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Two important forms of communication system are: Analog and Digital. The information to be transmitted is generally in continuous waveform for the former while for the latter it has only discrete or quantised levels. Every message signal occupies a range of frequencies. The bandwidth of a message signal refers to the band of frequencies, which are necessary for satisfactory transmission of the infor mation contained in the signal.Similarly, any practical communication system permits transmission of a range of frequencies only, which is referred to as the bandwidth of the system. Low frequencies cannot be transmitted to long distances. Therefore, they are superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a process known as modulation. In modulation, some characteristic of the carrier signal like amplitude, frequency or phase varies in accordance with the modulating or message signal. Correspondingly , they are called Amplitude Modulated (AM), Frequency Modulated (FM) or Phase Modulated (PM) waves. 5Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Pulse modulation could be classified as: Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM), Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) or Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). For transmission over long distances, signals are radiated into spaceusing devices called antennas. The radiated signals propagate aselectromagnetic waves and the mode of propagation is influenced bythe presence of the earth and its atmosphere. Near the surface of theearth, electromagnetic waves propagate as surface waves. Surface wavepropagation is useful up to a few MHz frequencies.Long distance communication between two points on the earth isachieved through reflection of e lectromagnetic waves by ionosphere. Such waves are called sky waves. Sky wave propagation takes place upto frequency of about 30 MHz. Above this frequency, electromagneticwaves essentially propagate as space waves. Space waves are used forline-of-sight communication and satellite communication. 6 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com If an antenna radiates electromagnetic waves from a height hT, thenthe range dT is given by v2RhT whereR is t he radius of the earth.Amplitude modulated signal contains frequencies (? c –? m ), ? c and (? c +? m) Amplitude modulated waves can be produced by application of the message signal and the carrier wave to a non linear device, followed by a band pass filter. AM detection, which is the process of recovering the modulating signal from an AM waveform, is carried out using a rectifier and an envelope detector. 7 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Sample Examples A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak voltageof 10 volts is used to modulate a carrier of frequency 1 MHz and peakvoltage of 20 volts.Determine (a) modulation index, (b) the side bandsproduced. Solution (a) Modulation index =10/20 = 0. 5 (b) The side bands are at (1000+10 kHz)=1010 kHz and(1000 –10 kHz) = 990 kHz. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height32 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 50 m. What is themaximum distance between them for satisfactory communication inLOS mode? Given radius of earth 6. 4 ? 106 m. Solution = v2 *64*105*32 + v2 *64*105*50 = 64 ? 102 ? v10 + 8 ? 103 ? v10 m =144 ? 102 ? 10 m = 45. 5 km 8 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com